A low-cost BLE-based distance estimation, occupancy detection and counting system

This article presents a low-cost system for distance estimation, occupancy counting, and presence detection based on Bluetooth Low Energy radio signal variation patterns that mitigates the limitation of existing approaches related to economic cost, privacy concerns, computational requirements, and lack of ubiquitousness. To explore the approach effectiveness, exhaustive tests have been carried out on four different datasets by exploiting several pattern recognition models.