Smart Storage and Grid Services Based on Removable Modular Batteries for EV

The wider use of renewable sources and of electric vehicles has to be supported by smart storage. Becoming modular and removable, battery charging and use differ temporally and spatially. This increases both the EV and the grid flexibility, makes it easier to purchase EVs, avoid useless reinforcement of the grid and postpone investment until recurring congestions occur. The EV owners can rent charged batteries for on board or domestic use. Aggregators can deploy removable batteries or include them in virtual power plants, virtual power lines, utility scale batteries in order to provide smart grid services, capacity firming of variable renewable sources. Better usability, care and recycling are achieved when battery management is done by professionals. All these concepts are first explained and then illustrated by numerical simulation.