Incentivizing Frequency Provision of Power-to-Hydrogen Toward Grid Resiliency Enhancement

As a most promising alternative carrier of energy in the future low-carbon energy system, the possibility of power-to-hydrogen (P2H) generally proton exchange membrane based water electrolyzers, has been explored for frequency response provision. However, there remains an open question as to how to capture the interaction of P2H operation and frequency response provision, and incentivize such behaviors to enhance system resiliency. In this article, we propose a marginal pricing mechanism for frequency response service provision to enhance grid resilience considering the participation of P2H. To depict the interaction between P2H operation and frequency response provision, a dynamic model of P2H is partially simplified to be incorporated into the system frequency response process. Case studies based on the IEEE RTS-24 system and a realistic Northwest power grid of China show that P2H can significantly improve the frequency response ability, especially reduce the startup of conventional units, so as to reduce carbon emissions. This effect is extremely appealing in the renewable-dominated cases.