I. Introduction
Biometric authentication is a key field of study for the application of user authentication and security. Authentication of individuals via biometrics is inherently less prone to forgery than with conventional authentication systems. PIN numbers or fingerprints for example can be copied or replicated. In the instance of biometrics (iris, fingerprint, face recognition, heart rate, etc.), these unique qualities are less prone to adversarial concerns. Biometric authentication systems generally rely on the comparison of a stored biometric in a database to a newly collected biometric. Comparison techniques often utilize deep learning to automatically learn the intrinsic features found in biometric measurements. Deep learning has shown to be an accurate method for authentication and identification of individuals based on biometrics.