Introduction
Modern transportation, especially land transport, is the major contributor of air pollution in urban areas. Faced with worsening air quality, many countries, including the United States, Europe, China and Japan, have turned to electric vehicles (EV) to battle the fossil fuels-based carbon emissions [1] and [2]. The adoption of battery electric vehicles is however slow due in large part to the capacity of existing battery systems and limited vehicle driving range [2] and [3]. Meanwhile, the current solutions to limited mileage revolve around battery management strategies (BMS) [4], fast charging [5] and [6], charging station site selection [7] and vibration energy harvesting [8].