A New Intelligent System for Performance Enhancement of Dual-Sensor Cardiac Pacemakers Using Iterative Learning Control

Iterative Learning Control (ILC) is a recent technique for systems with iterative or repetitive tasks, which are programmed to learn from the observed error to control the input signal at each repetitive task. Cardiac pacemakers are implantable medical devices to treat abnormal heart rates. In this article, a new intelligent system is proposed to improve therapeutic outcomes of implantable cardiac rate-adaptive pacemakers by using ILC scheme. The developed system is robust and safe to achieve the target values of heart rates at different body activities such as walking. It has been successfully tested on 9 clinical cases of the preset rates. Furthermore, this study showed that the proposed iterative learning controller for pacemakers outperforms other regulation methods in the literature.