I. Introduction
User-centric networking models [1]–[3] provide low-cost ubiquitous Internet connectivity without any need for additional fixed infrastructure. Such networking models enable network users to share unused bandwidth with other users [1], [3] especially once users are out of coverage of their operators’ networks. A spectrum sharing user (SSU) becomes a resource provider by acting as a dynamic access point and sharing temporally unused resources according to the incentives offered by network operators (NOs) [4], [5]. The concept of dynamic network architecture (DNA) [1] was proposed as an overlay model for pricing and incentives to develop user-centric networks where a user is at the same time a customer and a provider of network access. The success of DNA relies on active user participation in addition to efficiency of NOs’ incentive and pricing mechanisms. DNA as a user-centric networking model enhances network capacity and coverage without extending network fixed infrastructure.