Opacity Enforcing Supervisory Control Using Nondeterministic Supervisors

In this article, we investigate the enforcement of opacity via supervisory control in the context of discrete-event systems. A system is said to be opaque if the intruder, which is modeled as a passive observer, can never infer confidently that the system is at a secret state. The design objective is to synthesize a supervisor such that the closed-loop system is opaque even when the control policy is publicly known. In this article, we propose a new approach for enforcing opacity using nondeterministic supervisors. A nondeterministic supervisor is a decision mechanism that provides
a set of control decisions
at each instant, and randomly picks a specific control decision from the decision set to actually control the plant. Compared with the standard deterministic control mechanism, such a nondeterministic control mechanism can enhance the plausible deniability of the controlled system as the online control decision is a random realization and cannot be implicitly inferred from the control policy. We provide a sound and complete algorithm for synthesizing a nondeterministic opacity-enforcing supervisor. Furthermore, we show that nondeterministic supervisors are strictly more powerful than deterministic supervisors in the sense that there may exist a nondeterministic opacity-enforcing supervisor even when deterministic supervisors cannot enforce opacity.