Estimation of Geophone Orientation Using Source of Opportunity

Block Island Wind Farm (BIWF) with five wind turbines was the first offshore wind farm in the USA. Construction of the Block Island wind farm involved driving piles using impact hammers to pin the jacket type structures into the seabed. Pile driving noise and acoustic particle velocity measured on a 3-axis gimbaled geophone were used in this study. The location of the geophone is known but its orientation in the horizontal plane is unknown. The particle velocity components in three mutually perpendicular directions and the acoustic pressure from the geophone were used to calculate the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of the pile driving noise. The orientation of the geophone is fixed based on the estimated and actual DOA.