A 2 nJ/bit, 2.3% FSK Error Fully Integrated Sub-2.4 GHz Transmitter With Duty-Cycle Controlled PA for Medical Band

This paper proposed a fully integrated MBAN (2360–2400 MHz) continuous phase modulated transmitter (TX) with tunable less than 0dBm output power for medical band. A duty-cycle tuning strategy was proposed for the power amplifier (PA) featuring adaptive optimized efficiency for different output powers. A fully on-chip transformer-based match network was proposed to suppress the 2nd harmonic using a series
$LC$
resonator and to suppress the 3rd harmonic by introducing a transformer inter-winding capacitor feedback path. A fractional-N all-digital phase locked loop (ADPLL) with a transformer-based digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) is employed to reduce power consumption as well as improve modulation quality. The transmitter was fabricated in 40-nm CMOS technology, occupying an active area of 0.48mm2. Experimental results show a 26% drain efficiency with −10dBm PA output and 4dB tunable range. A 2mW total power consumption was measured with a TX efficiency of 5% and an energy efficiency of 2nJ/bit. The measured 2nd and 3rd harmonic distortion of the output were −44.3dBm and −57.2dBm, respectively, with on-chip matching network. The measured FSK error of CPM was 2.3% with an M of 2 and 1.57% with an M of 4.