Mathematical Analysis for Calculation of an optimum Tilt Angle of Solar Panels for Islamabad

Solar energy is a clean and abundant renewable source of energy. PV modules are the means to generate electrical power form it. The efficiency of PV modules is maximum only when the angle between the panels and sunlight is 90
^o
. As the position of sun over a specific geographical area changes throughout the year, therefore, if we fix the PV modules on a specific angle, the output would not be maximum. The panels are needed to be tilted according to the optimum tilt angles from time to time in order to maximize their efficiency. In this work, the optimum tilt angles for Islamabad, Pakistan region are calculated and presented accordingly.