Modeling and HiL Real-Time Simulation for the Secondary LFC in Time-Delay Shipboard Microgrids

In this paper, a time-varying model-free nonlinear sliding mode control is applied for the secondary load frequency control (LFC) of a shipboard microgrid (MG) with time delay, system uncertainty, and multi-step load variation. Since the satisfactory performance of the suggested controller depends on its parameters' values, a modified black hole optimization algorithm (MBHA) is utilized to set the optimal values of these coefficients. Finally, the new time-varying proposed technique is validated and implemented in hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) based on OPAL-RT to integrate the fidelity of physical simulation and the flexibility of numerical simulation.