Fusion of Propagation Observations and Numerical Weather Prediction via Warping Functions

The inverse problem in trans-horizon electromagnetic (EM) propagation has been solved by mapping modeled refractive environments ( M `s) into the space of observed propagation d and selecting the best M based on goodness-of-fit. Up to the present, parametric ad hoc refractivity models have been used, e.g., [2]-[4]. We modify this approach by using an a priori M from numerical weather prediction (NWP) and solving for warping coefficients (v's) within a 2-dimensional variational (2DVAR) analysis.