SMOS Data Assimilation for Numerical Weather Prediction

This paper presents the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission data assimilation activities conducted at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to analyse soil moisture for Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) applications. Two different approaches are presented based on SMOS brightness temperature and SMOS neural network soil moisture data assimilation, respectively. For the first approach, SMOS brightness temperature data assimilation relies on forward modelling. Long term results, spanning the SMOS period, of SMOS forward modelling, monitoring and data assimilation are presented. They emphasize the relevance of SMOS data for monitoring and to support NWP model developments. For the second approach, a SMOS soil moisture product has been produced based on a Neural Network (NN) trained on ECMWF soil moisture. So, the SMOS-ECMWF NN soil moisture product captures the SMOS signal variability in time and space, while by design its climatology is consistent with that of the ECMWF soil moisture, which makes it suitable for data assimilation purpose. This approach, initially tested for 2012 in a global scale stand alone approach, shows that SMOS NN data assimilation slightly improves the two-metre air temperature forecast in the short range at regional scale. For NWP applications this approach has been further developed with a near real time production of the SMOS-ECMWF NN soil moisture product, with the implementation of the SMOS NN data assimilation in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS), and with high resolution (9km) global scale testing compatible with the current ECMWF NWP system.