Ultra Broad Band Neural Activity Portends Seizure Onset in a Rat Model of Epilepsy

Epilepsy affects over 70 million people worldwide and 30% of patients' seizures cannot be controlled with medications, motivating the development of alternative therapies such as electrical stimulation. Current stimulation strategies attempt to stop seizures after they start, but none aim to prevent seizures altogether. Preventing seizures requires knowing when the brain is entering a preictal state (i.e., approaching seizure onset). Here we show that such preictal activity can be detected by an informative neural signal that progressively and monotonically changes as the brain approaches a seizure event. Specifically, we use local field potentials (LFP) from a rat model of epilepsy to develop an innovative measure of signal novelty relative to nonseizure activity, that shows the presence of progressive neural dynamics in an ultra broad band (4 Hz - 5 kHz). The measure is extracted from functional connectivity features computed from the LFPs which are used as an input to a one-class Support Vector Machine (SVM). The SVM outputs a scalar signal which quantifies how novel the current activity looks relative to baseline (non-seizure) activity and shows a progression towards seizure onset minutes ahead of time. The use of ultra broad band multivariate features into the SVM results in a novelty signal that has a significantly higher slope in the progression to seizure onset when compared to using power in conventional frequency bands (4 - 500 Hz) on individual channels as input features to the SVM. Functional connectivity in conjunction with the SVM is a strategy that generates a new measurement of novelty that can be used by closed-loop systems for seizure forecasting and prevention.