The use of GNSS Signals for Space Weather Monitoring and Prediction

When passing through the ionosphere, the L-band signals transmitted from the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) constellations are delayed because of the presence of free electrons. Additionally, when they encounter regions of inhomogeneous distribution of the plasma (ionospheric irregularities), they can be also refracted and reflected. At ground, it results into fluctuations on the amplitude and on the phase of the received signals, known as scintillations.