Maximizing The Revenue of Energy Storage Systems in Market Areas Considering Nonlinear Storage Efficiencies

Techno-economic analyses of energy storage currently use constant-efficiency energy flow models. In practice, charge/discharge efficiency of energy storage varies as a function of state-of-charge, temperature, charge/discharge power. Therefore, using the constant-efficiency energy flow models will cause suboptimal results. This work focuses on incorporating nonlinear energy flow models based on nonlinear efficiency models in the revenue maximization problem of energy storage. Dynamic programming is used to solve the optimization problem. A case studies is conducted to maximize the revenue of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) system in PJM's energy and frequency regulation market.