A two-stage residential demand response framework for smart community with transformer aging

This paper proposes a two-stage residential demand response (DR) framework for smart community to coordinate the benefits of households and transformer aging. In the first stage, the loss of life (LOL) cost of the transformer is used to quantitatively describe transformer aging and is formulated into the DR cost model, then an aggregator optimization is formed to determine the optimum amount of transformer load deferment and curtailment. The second stage in terms of maximizing the community benefit from DR is used to optimally schedule the transformer load from the aggregator to each individual household. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed two-stage residential DR framework in the reduction of transformer peak load and improvement of household benefits.