An Investigation Into Miniaturised Closed-Loop DBS Devices

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an invasive neuromodulatory technique used for the treatment of individuals with neurological disorders. Open-loop DBS delivers fixed stimulation pulses while closed-loop DBS senses the state of disorder and delivers stimulation pulses optimized for the sensed state adaptively. This review focuses on current miniature closed-loop DBS devices. The latest progress in stimulation techniques and electrode configurations are discussed. We cover common circuit configurations used for stimulation and outline the latest methods for delivering rectangular and non-rectangular stimulation waveforms. Recent advances in feedback control for closing the loop in DBS are highlighted, as are cutting edge developments in artificial intelligence (AI) methods that analyse the sensed data to determine the state of disorder. Finally, we critically discuss present issues and future directions of miniaturized closed-loop DBS.