An agent based model for joint placement of PV panels and green roofs

Photovoltaic panels generate electricity directly from sunlight, making them a favored renewable technology. Green roofs are rooftops covered with vegetation, which provide a variety of benefits, namely, reducing stormwater runoff, improving air quality, and biodiversity. Green roofs are capable of improving the efficiency of Photovoltaic panels, as shown by the recent studies. Optimal placement of Photovoltaic panels and green roofs is a challenging problem due to the complications imposed by uncertainties associated with future climate conditions, specifically due to climate change. An agent based model to optimally place Photovoltaic panels and green roofs is developed in this study. We propose a tabu search metaheuristic algorithm to solve the developed model. Then, a real-world case for a mid-sized city in the U.S. is solved as a case study for the model. We further conduct numerical analysis and provide insights.