Smooth control for hybrid electric vehicle based on the Pontryagin's Minimum Principle and the observer

For the heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicle, a smooth control strategy is provided based on the application of the Pontryagin's Minimum Principle. Based on the application of the PMP, a cost function is built up with the goal of the engine output torque, which achieves the optimal shift shock to improve smoothness. An observer is adopted to track the unmeasurable variables in the optimal controller. At last, MATLAB\Simulink is used to simulate and verify the realizability of the proposed smooth control strategy.