CSRR-based microwave sensor for noninvasive, continuous monitoring of renal function

Globally, chronic kidney disease (CKD) burden healthcare systems. Current treatment systems in many countries have presented a serious socioeconomic situation for low- to middle-income countries. As such, monitoring mechanisms present a clinical need for effective diagnosis, prevention and treatment of numerous non communicable diseases, such as CKD. Non-invasive, continuous monitoring of renal function using a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) microwave sensor confers potential benefits to meeting this clinical need. The sensor was sensitive to changes in the relative permittivity of a material under test with the electrical properties of blood, for the frequency range investigated in COMSOL Multiphysics®. The correlation of the electrical parameters with relative permittivity changes highlights the applicability of CSRRs as a sensor module for CKD monitoring.