Pattern Synthesis of Coupled Antenna Arrays via Element Rotation

In this work, a pattern synthesis method is presented for coupled antenna arrays via element rotation. The array is rigorously analyzed with a hybrid and full-wave analysis method based on the 3-D finite element method, modal analysis, generalized scattering matrix, and rotation and translation properties of spherical waves, including mutual coupling effects. The co- and cross-polar components are optimized by means of a gradient method, according to a specific cost function, via successive rotations of the elements.