I. Introduction
Today's supply chain is highly complex, diverse, and extensive. While globalization has optimized resource allocation and reduced manufacturing cost, it also exposes the supply chain to more risks such as counterfeiting, theft, etc. Not only do these risks compromise the profits and reputations of manufacturers, distributors, and retailers, but they also pose a threat to human and asset safety. In 2014, over twenty thousand Intellectual Property Rights (lPR) infringing seizures were reported with a total value of 1.22 billion [1]. In the same year, FreightWatch International recorded 794 cargo thefts throughout the United States, with the average loss of 232,924 per incident [2]. Track-and-trace techniques form the foundation for an improved supply chain by providing manufacturers, distributors, and retailers with a systematic method to detect and control counterfeiting, theft, etc., but existing approaches are too expensive, inconvenient, unreliable, or insecure.