Microwave-Based Detection of the Bladder State as a Support Tool for Urinary Incontinence [Bioelectromagnetics]

Microwave medical technologies have great potential to support health and wellness monitoring and the detection, diagnosis, and tracking of disease. Microwave approaches are typically low cost, noninvasive, and safe for frequent use, and they can be made portable and wearable [1]–[3]. Historically, most screening and monitoring of health conditions has been done at hospitals and advanced clinics using conventional imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) imaging, and ultrasound [1], [4]. However, microwave-based approaches hold the promise of easily accessible, earlier detection of disease and more regular monitoring for those at high risk and those undergoing treatment [1], [5], particularly with recent technological advances in wireless telecommunication and wearable devices across a similar frequency range.