The EBG-Based Biosensor for Setting the Appropriate Dialysis Time in Hemodialysis Process

Microwave biosensors can be considered a noninvasive method for monitoring the water content and the waste material in the blood due to their continuous examination and real-time results. In this work, we present a novel method for setting an appropriate dialysis time, so that patients can receive better quality dialysis. The design proposes a biosensor integrated with dialysis tubes and is implemented using electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure in the ISM band. The tubes are passed from inside the pierced substrates and over the patches before and after dialysis. The sensor is used as a quality control to noninvasively monitor the amount of blood purification of hemodialysis patients using changes observed in relative permittivity of blood (58–64) by recording the transmission resonance frequency. Hence, it can be concluded that changes in blood’s dielectric properties can be detected using a biosensor. Before fabrication, the proposed sensor is simulated and confirmed via the measurement setup. The sensitivity performance is obtained to be about 0.09 and 0.06 for two resonances of
${f}\,{1} = {1.5}$
GHz and
${f}\,{2} = {3.78}$
GHz, allowing for the monitoring of the waste reduction rate during dialysis. Eventually, we propose a low cost, and nondestructive microwave biosensor without sampling process, while also providing the diagnosis principles for blood clearance rate due to the dual-band performance.