Life Cycle Assessment of a Lead-Free Cesium Titanium (IV) Single and Mixed Halide Perovskite Solar Cell Based 1 m² PV Module

In this article, we have developed an ex-ante life cycle assessment (LCA) for the FTO/TiO
₂
/Cs
₂
TiX
₆
/CuSCN/Ag where, X = Br
⁻
, I
⁻
, Cl
⁻
, F
⁻
and FTO/TiO
₂
/Cs
₂
TiI
_6-X
Br
_X
(where x = 1 to 5)/CuSCN/Ag structure based Perovskite solar cell PV model to determine the total primary energy demand by each layer (TPED), annual primary energy generation of the system (APEG), energy payback time (EPBT) and energy returned on energy invested (EROI) of the module. In our study, we have found that the total primary energy demand for all the PV module is 110.46 MJ/m
²
and annual primary energy generation for the Cs
₂
TiBr
₆
, Cs
₂
TiI
₆
, Cs
₂
TiCl
₆
, Cs
₂
TiF
₆
, Cs
₂
TiI
₁
Br
₅
, Cs
₂
TiI
₂
Br
₄
, Cs
₂
TiI
₃
Br
₃
, Cs
₂
TiI
₄
Br
₂
, and Cs
₂
TiI
₅
Br
₁
Perovskite material based PV module is 225.04 MJ, 254.9 MJ, 85.95 MJ, 189.7 MJ, 282.4 MJ, 351.32 MJ, 335.07 MJ, 317.87 MJ and 267.71 MJ respectively. The EPBT (Year) for the Cs
₂
TiBr
₆
, Cs
₂
TiI
₆
, Cs
₂
TiCl
₆
, Cs
₂
TiF
₆
, Cs
₂
TiI
₁
Br
₅
, Cs
₂
TiI
₂
Br
₄
, Cs
₂
TiI
₃
Br
₃
, Cs
₂
TiI
₄
Br
₂
, and Cs
₂
TiI
₅
Br
₁
Perovskite material based PV module is 0.49, 0.43, 1.29, 0.58, 0.39, 0.31, 0.33, 0.35 and 0.41 respectively and their corresponding EROI is 30.61, 34.88, 11.63, 25.86, 38.46, 48.39, 45.45, 42.86 and 36.59 respectively. The various environmental profiles was discussed with 14 most significant impact for the PV module.