Flexible economic load dispatch integrating electric vehicles

Incorporation of Electric Vehicles (EV) into power grids may pose serious challenges on secure operation of the system. Thus, the conventional ED problem required reformulation, encompassing EV's operational constraints. As a result, ED-EV algorithm can be established, that minimizes total dispatch costs while taking into account a plethora of intertemporal and spatial constraints over a short-term execution. Simulation results exhibited that the proposed ED-EV effectively improves total dispatch costs with a technically-sound use of generation sources in the system. However, an auspicious shift in generation strategies facilitates relieving peak-hours load through the EV's dual operational modes (charging/discharging). Further, the obtained results represented that employing Newton Raphson (NR) load flow instead of an approximated loss technique can procure an accurate and further money-saving solution. Based on the simulations, the integration of the EVs into the grid can immensely enhance the socio and techno-economic aspects of the system operation.