Highly Energy-Efficient Metaconductor-Based Integrated RF Passives: Metaconductor-Based RF Passives

Human beings are naturally mobile and crave freedom. But, for many years, we were leashed to our office desks/homes to make a long-distance phone call. Finally, in 1973, the first-ever cellular phone call was made by Motorola engineer Dr. Martin Cooper using a handmade prototype device that weighed almost 2.5 lb. As Greek philosopher Heraclitus said, “Change is the only constant,” and over the past 50 years, cellular phone technology has undergone a drastic makeover where we drifted from a 2.5-lb cellular phone to a 0.4-lb smartphone (an iPhone 13), from typewriters to digital systems like desktops and laptops, and from paper maps to GPS for navigation. Similarly, as shown in
Figure 1
, our journey in wireless mobile communications started with 1G with analog data transmission and a data rate at ∼2.4 Kb/s to a full-fledged and operating 4G at a maximum data rate of 1 Gb/s.