Consensus Algorithms and Deep Reinforcement Learning in Energy Market: A Review

Blockchain (BC) and artificial intelligence (AI) are often utilized separately in energy trading systems (ETSs). However, these technologies can complement each other and reinforce their capabilities when integrated. This article provides a comprehensive review of consensus algorithms (CAs) of BC and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) in ETS. While the distributed consensus underpins the immutability of transaction records of prosumers, the deluge of data generated paves the way to use AI algorithms for forecasting and address other data analytic-related issues. Hence, the motivation to combine BC with AI to realize secure and intelligent ETS. This study explores the principles, potentials, models, active research efforts and unresolved challenges in the CA and DRL. The review shows that despite the current interest in each of these technologies, little effort has been made at jointly exploiting them in ETS due to some open issues. Therefore, new insights are actively required to harness the full potentials of CA and DRL in ETS. We propose a framework and offer some perspectives on effective BC-AI integration in ETS.