I Introduction
Electric Vehicles (EVs) can reduce carbon emission and provide energy-efficient transport [1]–[4]. An important issue about EV charging is to deploy an efficient smart grid network that can effectively and conveniently charge the EVs. This Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) issue has been intensively investigated [5]. Based on the G2V-based smart grid network, other EV charging/discharging issues are studied, including Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V). V2G technology utilizes specific high energy storage of EV (an EV is generally equipped with energy storage of 24–56 kWh [6], [7], which is about 2–5 times more than the average daily energy consumption of a household in Taiwan [8]) to discharge to the power grid [9]. By V2V technology, an EV can soak up the power from the battery of a specific EV, which is equipped with plenty energy storage [10], [11]. The V2G and V2V technologies are currently under feasibility study and trial operations [9]–[13]. This paper will focus on G2V issue. The G2V architecture proposed in this paper also accommodates the technology.