Bridging the Gap From Concrete Building Construction to Flexible Software Process—Way of Working

Software is an intangible artifact that does not wear out, is not visible to observe how it works, but whose existence can be realized. Fortunately, there are myriad ways used to track the progress and measure the development process, such as project milestones, metrics, and deliverables. We propose tandem conceptual linkages that start from brick-and-mortar artifacts of civil engineering (CE), connecting to the abstract deliverables of software engineering (SE), and visually navigating via the GUI of digital twins (DTs). The processes in between are measured by exploiting agile methods and the Software Engineering Methods and Theory (SEMAT) kernel. The tandem linkages offer an explicit way of working to gauge how the abstract development process of SE artifacts can mimic the concrete structure of CE with the help of DT visualization.