I. Introduction
Pv INVERTER technology is primarily driven by cost, efficiency and reliability. For this reason, a diverse range of grid connected PV inverter topologies and control methods have been developed and researched in industry and academia. Among these innovative topologies, transformer-less grid connected inverters have drawn increasing attention in low-power PV applications [1], [2]. Compared to alternative inverter systems which typically insert a bulky transformer between the PV panel and the utility grid, transformer-less topologies generally offer improved efficiency with lower cost and volume [2]–[6]. However, the lack of galvanic isolation has technical and safety implications. Among these implications, dc current injection into the grid continues to be a major technical challenge.