Sparse and Resilient Hierarchical Direct Load Control for Primary Frequency Response Improvement and Inter-Area Oscillations Damping

The aim of this paper is to define and develop an optimal hierarchical demand-side power-system primary-frequency control structure in order to provide a reliable complement to generator inertia and governor response while improving inter-area oscillation damping. This resilient optimal load control strategy utilizes both wide-area and local signals to guarantee that the system remains stable in the case of communication failures. In the device layer, we deal with demand-response and frequency regulation by minimizing the total disutility of consumers subject to power balance and frequency regulation over the network. In the supervisory layer, we handle the power system's electromechanical oscillations using an linear-quadratic regulator (LQR)-based state feedback scheme with sparsity promotion to achieve the necessary tradeoff between complexity and performance. Since the wide-area feedback loops are built on top of an existing decentralized load control strategy, this design approach creates a decentralized/hierarchical demand-side load-control structure with significant advantages in terms of reliability and operational flexibility. Our study clearly shows by simulation that a demand-side hierarchical load-control strategy has a significant potential for improving the dynamic performance of power systems, even when implemented with a limited number of measurement units and controlling less than
$1\%$
of the total base load.