Photovoltaic Cell Operating Temperature Models: A Review of Correlations and Parameters

A review of photovoltaic (PV) cell operating temperature (
$T_{\text {c}}$
) steady-state models developed from the year 2000 onward is shown in the present article. The goal is to help researchers and professionals in the field to choose the most significant parameters and suitable experimental arrangements to compose an accurate steady-state model. Initially, a brief description of
$T_{\text {c}}$
is given and an overview of the models for calculating
$T_{\text {c}}$
is presented. We present a summary of 33 correlations found in the literature for estimating
$T_{\text {c}}$
and the synthesis of those correlations in three general forms. Additionally, we highlight the main parameters in the analyzed correlations along with their most accurate data collection methods. The parameters with the greatest influence on
$T_{\text {c}}$
, appearing in a significant number of formulations, are discussed: solar absorbance, electrical efficiency, and transmittance of the PV cell/module glass cover; irradiance; ambient temperature; wind speed. Strategies of obtaining
$T_{\text {c}}$
—using the module back side temperature or an internal sensor for direct measurement—for model validation purposes are also discussed.