A Framework for Constructing a Technology -Enhanced Education Metaverse: Learner Engagement With Human–Machine Collaboration

The education metaverse (Edu-Metaverse), as a simulated extension of the real world, is an infinite virtual space where learners can build their relationships with others and create interactive content. However, preparing learners to engage fully with Edu-Metaverse remains challenging. As technologies on Edu-Metaverse are new to learners, there is a lack of studies on how to enhance learner engagement with human–machine collaboration. Therefore, this study proposes a technology-enhanced Edu-Metaverse framework for facilitating learner engagement with human–machine interactions. The framework consists of two major components: technology enhancement of Edu-Metaverse and interactions among learners and avatars in Edu-Metaverse contexts. In the proposed framework, Edu-Metaverse reshapes the relationships between humans and machines. With the support of human–machine collaboration, learner engagement could be concluded in the following three patterns: training engagement guided by Edu-Metaverse, collaboration engagement supported by Edu-Metaverse, and creative engagement empowered by Edu-Metaverse. In addition, a case analysis is conducted to validate the Edu-Metaverse theoretical framework and engagement patterns. The proposed framework can provide a more holistic understanding of the Edu-Metaverse implications as well as learning designs that are aimed at enhancing learner engagement with the support of human–machine collaboration.