Security-Driven Placement and Routing Tools for Electromagnetic Side-Channel Protection

Side-channel analysis (SCA) attacks are major threats to hardware security. Upon this security threat, various countermeasures at different design layers have been proposed against SCA attacks. These approaches often introduce significant overheads and impose high requirements of side-channel security backgrounds to integrated circuit (IC) designers. In this article, we propose an automatic computer-aided design (CAD) tool that can be utilized to enhance the circuit resistance against electromagnetic (EM) SCA attacks. This new tool will guide security-driven placement and routing processes and can be seamlessly integrated into the modern IC design flow. The protected IC design will be resilient to SCA attacks with negligible area and power overheads. In order to develop this tool, we first investigate the root-cause of EM leakage at the layout level and mathematically demonstrate the feasibility of security-driven placement and routing through the EM leakage modeling. We then identify that the correlation between the data under protection and the EM leakage can be significantly reduced through data-dependent register reallocation and wire length adjustments. Simulation results on cryptographic circuits prove the effectiveness of both the constructed EM leakage model and the EM model-based CAD tool for EM side-channel security.