Error Probability of Shadowed UAV-to-Ground Channels With Phase Noise

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-to-ground communication channels have been the focus of much research lately. This has led to the appearance of new UAV-to-ground channel models in the literature that incorporate both fading and shadowing. In this letter, we provide the mathematical framework for UAV-to-ground communications with imperfect phase recovery using these new channel models. This phase error can be mathematically modeled by Tikhonov and Gaussian distributions. We have obtained mathematical expressions in closed-form for calculating the average bit error rate (ABER) for both binary and quadrature phase-shift keying signals in addition to the average symbol error rate (ASER) for
$M$
-ary phase-shift keying (MPSK) modulations under phase noise. Then, these expressions are validated by Monte Carlo simulations.