Underwater Acoustic Localization of the Black Box Based on Generalized Second-Order Time Difference of Arrival (GSTDOA)

The black box plays an important role in transportation security, and the underwater acoustic localization (UWAL) methods are the most effective way to find the black box sunken undersea. The traditional UWAL methods suffer from a significant decrease in the localization precision due to the signal period drift of the black box in the cold and high-pressure undersea environment. In our former work, we carried out the second-order time-difference-of-arrival (STDOA) algorithm to address the problem. However, for a real maneuvering ship, the localization precision has the potential to be further improved with the help of the uniformly distributed localization nodes. In this article, a generalized STDOA (GSTDOA) algorithm is proposed. First, we establish the general form of the STDOA information, where the localization nodes can be selected arbitrarily. Second, we analyze the localization precision of the GSTDOA algorithm, and it shows that the localization precision is closely related to the selected nodes. Third, we optimize the localization nodes for maximum localization precision. Finally, experiments in different scenes validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.