Low Carbon Planning of PV-Charging Stations for Self-Sustained Highway Transportation Energy System Considering the Retirement of Gas Stations

With the pressure of energy crisis, how to achieve low carbon and self-sustaining operation of highway transportation network (HTN) has become an emerging research topic. In the current HTN, fuel vehicles (FVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) form a mixed traffic flow together. In this context, a novel model is proposed for the planning of energy facilities in HTN, including the construction of charging stations and the retirement of gas stations, which takes into account not only the balance of traffic flow but also environmental factors in the planning process. Meanwhile, the construction of charging stations leads to the coupling of HTN and distribution network (DN). In order to further achieve the goal of carbon reduction, a planning framework of low carbon facilities in the charging system is proposed, including the installation of photovoltaic (PV) panels and carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems. Finally, the rationality of the proposed planning method is verified by case studies.