A New Predictive Model for the State-of-Charge of a High-Power Lithium-Ion Cell Based on a PSO-Optimized Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline Approach

Batteries play a key role in achieving the target of universal access to reliable affordable energy. Despite their relevant importance, many challenges remain unsolved with regard to the characterization and management of batteries. One of the major issues in any battery application is the estimation of the state-of-charge (SoC). SoC, which is expressed as a percentage, indicates the amount of energy available in a battery. An accurate SoC estimation under realistic conditions improves battery performance, reliability, and lifetime. This paper proposes an SoC estimation method based on a new hybrid model that combines multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed hybrid PSO–MARS-based model uses data obtained from a high-power load profile (dynamic stress test) specified by the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC). The results provide comparable accuracy to other more sophisticated techniques but at a lower computational cost.