A Time-to-Digital Converter Based on a Digitally Controlled Oscillator

Time measurements play a crucial role in trigger and data acquisition systems of high-energy physics experiments, where synchronization between system elements, signal calibration, and phase-measurement accuracy is often required. In this paper, we present a fully digital time-to-digital converter (TDC) architecture and its application, based on a synthesizable digitally controlled oscillator (DCO), where the TDC is used to measure the phase relationship between a timing signal and a 40-MHz reference clock. The DCO design is technology independent; it is described by means of a hardware description language and it can be placed and routed with automatic tools. The TDC will be used in the new readout chip that is under development for the muon detector electronic upgrade in Large Hadron Collider beauty experiment at CERN. The TDC presented in this paper has the fundamental task of measuring, with a resolution of about 1.5 ns, the phase difference between the 40-MHz LHC machine clock and a digital signal coming from the muon detector.