Thin Flexible RF Energy Harvesting Rectenna Surface With a Large Effective Aperture for Sub μW/cm2 Powering of Wireless Sensor Nodes

The dc power collected by radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) absorbing surfaces is limited by their physical aperture. Here, a compact, conformable, and ultrathin sub-1 GHz large-area RFEH surface is proposed based on electrically small (
$ka=0.58$
) “wire-type” rectenna elements, with an effective area exceeding its physical aperture size. Using optimized large-signal complex source tuning, the rectifiers achieve up to 36% measured power conversion efficiency (PCE) at =20 dBm. The proposed 15 cm-diameter six-element array generates a 27.5
$\mu \text{W}$
at 1 V output from a
$0.17~\mu \text{W}$
/cm
²
incident power density across a 40
$\text{k}\Omega $
load. Owing to its series connection, the voltage output is boosted, and the load resistance dependence is suppressed enabling over 60% of the maximum RF-to-dc PCE to be preserved for loads between 7 and 100
$\text{k}\Omega $
, with an area-normalized figure-of-merit nearly 100% higher than previous arrays. The proposed array is integrated with a commercial DC-DC converter and demonstrated powering a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) wireless sensor node (WSN) from an unprecedented incident power density of 0.25
$\mu \text{W}$
/cm
²
. A practical demonstration using a commercial 3 W, 915 MHz Powercast source is presented, showing an 11 m operation range with a 1 V output and illustrating the impact of polarization mismatch on the proposed array.