Generalized Extraction of the Noise Parameters by Means of Source– and Load–Pull Noise Power Measurements

This paper is focused on the extraction of the noise parameters of a linear two-port network by exploiting both forward and reverse noise power measurements, thus extending the universally adopted approach in which only forward measurements are involved. The analytical derivation of the constituting relations is detailed and the application to an exemplifying measurement context is reported. A fuller exploitation of the approach may in the future simplify the direct extraction of black-box noise models at very high frequencies, where the difficulty in synthesizing a number of different terminations is the most prominent limiting factor.