A K -Band Four-Beam Transmitter With Decoupled Phase/Gain Control and Enhanced Power Back Off Efficiency for SATCOM

This article presents a 17.7–20.2 GHz eight-element four-beam RF-beamforming transmitter in 65-nm CMOS for satellite communication (SATCOM). The transmitter utilizes an analog scheme in the variable-gain amplifier (VGA) to achieve dB-in-linear gain control with a high dynamic range (DR), together with a current combining crossbar for a compact footprint. The vector-modulation-based (VM-based) phase shifter (PS) adopts the cancellation-based
$G_{\mathrm {m}}$
units for low switching variation. Furthermore, eight PSs of each beam are split into two groups, with each group sharing the same tunable I/Q generator for low power consumption. Considering the increased peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) caused by high-order modulation schemes and multibeam operation, the transmitter incorporates compact transformer-based Doherty power amplifiers (DPAs) with adaptive bias control to improve the power efficiency at back-off. The chip achieves a 31-dB gain-tuning range with a 0.283-dB step and a 360° phase-shifting range with a calibrated 7-bit resolution. The measured root-mean-square (RMS) phase/gain errors induced by the VGA/PS are below 2.05°/0.147 dB, respectively, which decouples phase/gain control. The transmitter achieves a maximum output 1-dB gain compression point (OP
$_{\mathrm {1 dB}}$
) of 17.9 dBm and a maximum saturated power (
$P_{\mathrm {sat}}$
) of 18.9 dBm. The output element exhibits 29.3% drain efficiency (DE) at 6-dB power back off (PBO) from
$P_{\mathrm {sat}}$
, which is 1.56/3.12 times over the normalized class-B/class-A implementations, demonstrating Doherty PBO efficiency enhancement. The chip occupies an area of
$8.59\times 4.17$
mm2 and consumes 398 mW per element at OP
$_{\mathrm {1~dB}}$
. Additionally, a 16-element linear array has been developed to showcase the capabilities of the multibeam operation and gain tapering.