I. Introduction
Several online and offline methods have been presented for parameter and loss determination in interior permanent-magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) by considering factors such as saturation, cross-saturation, temperature, and space and time harmonics. These factors have significant effects on the motor parameter variations [1]–[9]. The equivalent circuit parameters such as stator resistance, PM flux linkage, and dq-axis inductances as well as the controllable losses are vital in developing optimal current angle-based maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) [2], [3] and loss minimization (LM) [4], [5] control methods. These parameters and losses vary continuously during the operation due to the changes in loading, speed, and temperature conditions. The stator resistance and PM flux linkage depend highly on temperature and load torque [6], [7], whereas the dq-axis inductances predominantly depend on the current conditions owing to saturation and cross-saturation [3], [4], and on operating temperature in low load operating conditions [6]. The determination of motor parameters, torque, and efficiency is also affected by core losses [7].