A Review on Non-RF Underground Positioning Techniques for Mining Applications

Positioning systems are widely used to determine the location of objects or individuals in a given environment. In underground mines, these systems are used to track the location of miners and equipment and ensure that they operate in safe and efficient areas. It allows mine operators to monitor the whereabouts of personnel and equipment and to respond quickly to emergencies. In addition, accurate positioning information can optimize mining operations, improve equipment utilization, and reduce costs. Global positioning systems are not suitable for the underground environment. The ultrahigh-frequency (UHF)-based systems are also unsuitable due to extreme attenuation. The non-radio frequency (non-RF) techniques are preferred for underground mining due to their relatively small attenuation and interference caused by the surrounding rock and mineral formations in an underground mine that can occur with radio frequency (RF) signals. This allows for more accurate and reliable positioning within the mine. This research article compares non-RF techniques, such as magnetic induction, visible light, and acoustic, for positioning within an underground mine. The study evaluates each technique’s accuracy, reliability, and feasibility and discusses their potential for use in underground mining environments. Overall, the study highlights the importance of considering multiple positioning options to optimize the safety and productivity of underground mining operations.

I. Introduction

In underground mines, environmental conditions may become hazardous due to the release of toxic fumes, poor visibility, corrosive water and dust, and poor ventilation [1]. In these conditions, fatal accidents may occur due to tunnel collapse or natural calamities [2]. In underground mining, workers work close to equipment due to limited space. Hence, a reliable and precise underground positioning system is vital for the safety of miners [3].