Implementation of Higher-Order CPML on the HIE-FDTD Methods

In this article, higher order convolutional perfectly matched layers (HO-CPML) boundary conditions are implemented on the conventional and leapfrog hybrid implicit–explicit finite-difference time-domain (HIE-FDTD) methods. The HO-CPML is developed using the efficient recursive convolution approach. The proposed implementations are validated through simulation results, and both methods exhibit low reflection errors compared to their corresponding first-order implementations. Furthermore, the proposed implementations demonstrate lower reflection errors than the first- and HO-CPML implementations on the improved HIE-FDTD method.