I. Introduction
According to recent reports, around 54% of the world's population lives in cities, and by 2050 that number is expected to rise to 66% [1], [2]. Rapid urbanization is driven by economic incentives, but it also has significant environmental and social consequences, rapid population growth, and an overall net increase in consumption of natural resources [3], [4]. This rapid growth is also affecting the quality of life due to the issues of limited resources, shortage of quality services, air pollution, excessive mobility, and aging public infrastructure [5]. The idea of a “smart city” has risen as one of the potential solutions to these problems. The rapid advancement in technology allowed the smart city concept to develop significantly in the last few years, although it has been around for far more than that; dating back to 1989 [6]. An earlier application of the smart city concept started as e-services provision through digital platforms. It grew over time, building upon the dependence on machine learning (ML) algorithms using artificial intelligence (AI) as a new tool to be used for more informed projections and predictions. It has been used in many domains, including health care, transportation, education, crime detection, and smart building design.