Frequency-Constrained Robust Service Restoration of Distribution Networks Under Renewable Power Uncertainty

Renewable distributed generation is regarded as one of the promising resources for distribution system restoration. However, their uncertain power output introduces risks to power balance and frequency security, especially in the systems undergoing restoration with limited reserves and low inertia. This paper develops a robust service restoration method. It proposes a two-stage framework: first, deciding load restoration and integrating renewable generation; second, ensuring system security with operational constraints. Uncertainties from load and renewable generation are considered. The frequency constraints for the rate of frequency change (RoCoF) and quasi-steady frequency are formulated based on the decisions of load and renewable generation integration, contributing to their optimal coordination during the service restoration process. The proposed two-stage robust problem can be solved using the C&CG algorithm. The numerical studies based on the IEEE 33 bus system are used to illustrate the proposed methods.